ABSTRACT
In this paper, we report the results of a detailed survey of 20 standard contracts for chat-based generative AI services from 13 leading providers. We cover both US providers, such as Anthropic, Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI, and European and Chinese providers, such as Alibaba, DeepSeek, and Mistral. We analyse the terms and conditions that govern both commercial and consumer use of the services for customers in the UK and across Europe. We cover a range of contractual issues including the choice of law and forum for disputes; provider duties and liability for breach of contract; acceptable use policies; and termination. We compare trends across providers and analyse the survey findings in light of English and EU law, including consumer protection law, the Data Act, and the AI Act.
Michels, Johan David and Millard, Christopher and abou Farhat, Camille, Chat Ts&Cs: A Survey of 20 Standard Contracts for Generative AI Services (March 5, 2026), Queen Mary Law Research Paper (forthcoming).
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